In Search of Wild Yeast: Using Foraged Yeast to Create Your Own Brews

We ended up using a couple of starters that were super active (spruce tips and dandelion flowers). I decided not to use the most active one (fern) because, not being an expert about plants in Vermont, I didn’t know enough about that type of fern. I found out later it was called sweet fern (Comptonia peregrina) and that it can be made into a tea. In retrospect, we could have used it. I also skipped the apple blossom starter when a student raised the question of cyanide (which is present in many fruit seeds, including apple, in small amounts). But further research indicated that it would not have been an issue. My philosophy is always to err on the side of safety. I also tell my students to start with something they actually know is not poisonous or unhealthy, and that a successful starter should smell good, too.

More than 1,500 types of wild yeast have been recorded so far, but thousands more probably exist in the wild waiting to be discovered and recorded.

Wild yeast starter using apple and dandelion flowers. Organic cane sugar.

Since the dawn of humanity, people have enjoyed a deep relationship with yeasts. In his book Uncorking the Past, author Patrick McGovern wrote about the first evidence of making an alcoholic beverage, which came from chemical analysis of jars from the Neolithic village of Jiahu in the Henan province of northern China. The results of the analysis confirmed that a fermented drink made of honey, rice, grapes, and hawthorn berries was being produced around 7000 BC.

Beermaking evidence has been found in present-day Iran on jug fragments that were at least 5,000 years old. And we also know the Egyptians made leavened breads using wild yeasts (sourdough) around 1000 BC based on hieroglyphs.

As science continues to improve and more ancient artifacts are retrieved, I’m sure we will find evidence of other peoples having made interesting alcoholic beverages much earlier in our history. Considering that the simple action of mixing raw honey (which contains a lot of wild yeasts) with water can create a natural fermentation within 3 or 4 days, it’s highly likely that fermented drinks existed long ago in prehistoric times.

Until modern science came along, the invisible wonder of a liquid transforming itself into a magical solution capable of altering your senses was perceived as a divine intervention, often the domain of shamans and priests. In many cultures alcohol was considered a gift of the gods: Songs were written praising its virtues, and divinities such as Dionysus or Bacchus, god of the grape harvest and winemaking, were worshipped.

Wild yeast starter using spruce tips and yellow birch leaves. (The latter didn’t work.)

Primitive societies had many rituals revolving around this miraculous transformation. Some had rites that called for dances, chants, and noisemaking to attract spirits so they could inoculate the brew, while in other cultures calm and silence were the norms so as to not scare the spirits away.

The creation of wild brews can often be unpredictable. Such is the nature of wild yeasts, which are invisible and mysterious. At the same time the fermentations they create can be full of surprises and often delicious.

Primitive beers, wines, or even sodas made with wild yeasts can have ever-changing qualities due to countless factors such as the season, location, and yeast sources (plants, berries, and the like). While some people are nervous or disturbed by this lack of control, culinary adventurers see it as a blessing. Alcohol content, acidity, brightness, smoothness, and many other factors influencing the flavors will fluctuate in the same way nature does— sometimes unpredictably and esoterically. It is a true reflection of a wild, untamed terroir.

The modern trend in making beers or wines is to use specific commercial yeast strains that provide desirable and predictable results. For example, champagne yeast allows you to make fermented beverages with a high alcohol content. Some yeast strains can also be chosen for the flavors they impart, their speed of fermentation, or their ability to withstand low temperatures. If I ferment my wild beers using a commercial yeast, I tend to use a very plain dry yeast like Nottingham ale yeast. There is a lot to know about which types of yeast to use if you’re an experienced brewer, but you can start with a basic yeast strain like the one I use.

Wild yeast starter using organic grapes. Day 3.

If I don’t use wild yeast (which is rare these days), I do the following:

• Use beer yeast for my regular and wild beers.
• Use champagne yeast for sodas.
• Use wine yeast when fermenting wild berries, grapes, elderberries, and the like.

Don’t use a bread yeast for brewing beers or sodas, as the end result will have bread-like flavors. I guess it could be a good thing if you really like bread, but I don’t find the flavor very appealing in a beer-like drink.

Commercial yeast strains are also designed to achieve higher levels of alcohol. Results will vary somewhat, but as a general rule commercial beer yeast can give you around 10 to 12 percent alcohol, wine yeast around 12 to 13 percent, and champagne yeast 13 to 15 percent. And of course specific types of yeast can give you a much higher percentage of alcohol, such as White Labs Super High Gravity yeast (over 20 percent alcohol).

The old trend (which by the way is becoming popular again) is to experiment with what nature has to offer, but wild yeast usually doesn’t have the same tolerance for higher levels of alcohol as commercial yeast. Most wild yeast will die at around 5 to 6 percent alcohol, although I’ve had some wild yeast going higher, such as the yeast from my local elderberries.

Presently, I would say that 75 percent of my brews are made with wild yeasts. Late spring and summer are the best times to forage these microorganisms, as they are attracted to sugars and we have a lot of berries ripening in California during those seasons—elderberries, wild grapes, and juniper berries, to name a few. These days I’m also completely in love with unripe pinyon pinecones as starters.

Good Sources of Wild Yeasts

• Grapes, plums, fruits that have a white bloom. From your garden or farmer’s market. Make sure they’re organic.
• Gingerroot. This must be organic—most of the ginger I find locally is imported from China and doesn’t work for fermentation. I suspect it’s been irradiated to kill potential microorganisms and insects.
• Fresh wild juniper berries. Note that not all juniper berries are edible.
• Elderberries
• Wild grapes
• Elderflowers
• Blueberries
• Blackberries
• Figs
• Prickly pear fruits
• Tree barks—birch (Betula spp.) and aspen (Populus spp.). Yellow birch bark (Betula alleghaniensis) works, too, but I think it should be collected in late spring or early summer.
• Unripe pinecones. My pinyon pinecones were loaded with yeast, and many people have reported excellent results using unripe pinecones from their local pines. You’ll need to experiment a bit.
• Pinyon pine or white pine branches. It’s likely that other species of pines are suitable as well, but I haven’t experimented with them yet.
• Raw honey

A lot of unwashed organic fruits (apples, peaches, lemons, et cetera) are also excellent sources of yeast. Make sure they’re organic and clean (not grown in a polluted environment and sprayed with chemicals).

How Much Starter Do You Need for Brewing?

I usually use around 1/2 to 3/4 cup (120–180 milliliters) of yeast starter per gallon (3.78 liters) of beer or soda. Some recipes I’ve seen online use 1 cup (250 milliliters) per gallon. The consensus seems to be somewhere between 1/2 and 1 cup.

Note that some yeast starters, such as pinyon pine or juniper berries, may add flavors to your brew. This isn’t excessive, though. You can create some yeast starter mixes specifically to accentuate or add character.

Unlike commercial yeast, wild yeast may still require 2 to 4 days to take off in your wild beer or soda. If the recipe calls for 10 days of fermentation, you would start counting the days when the fermentation is quite active.

I’ve also been successful with getting some of my wild brews to ferment by simply adding ingredients loaded with wild yeast into the liquid (wort), such as pinyon pinecones or juniper berries. I remove them when the fermentation is doing well.

Wild Yeast Summary

If you’re new to making beers, sodas, or wines, I advise you to start with cultured commercial strains of yeast. It’s much easier for you to learn; try various recipes and achieve success the first time around. Also, if you’re into making alcoholic beverages with high levels of alcohol, this is probably your best bet. Regular brewing yeast (beer, wine, or champagne) can be purchased in liquid or dry form at a local brewing supply store or online.

As you gain experience, or if you are already an experienced brewer, start to play with wild yeast—a fascinating and truly enjoyable experience. There is something special about being able to create an interesting alcoholic drink using only hyperlocal ingredients from your own garden or the local wilderness. I believe I can truly taste the local terroir in some of my brews.

Besides, going foraging for and experimenting with wild yeast sources and making starters is such a fun activity. If you’re a teacher, it’s a great way to educate kids on nature’s wonders.

Recommended Reads

A Recipe for Homemade Ginger Beer: The Old Fashioned Way

Basics of Cider Making: Preparing Apple Cider